What type of election indicates a significant shift in voter allegiance from one party to another?

A critical election, also known as a realigning election, represents a substantial shift in voter allegiance from one political party to another. This type of election typically occurs during times of significant social or political upheaval, where established party loyalties are fundamentally altered. The outcomes of critical elections can lead to a major transformation in the political landscape, often resulting in a new majority party that reflects the changing attitudes and priorities of the electorate.

In contrast, general elections tend to reinforce existing party loyalties rather than shift them significantly. Midterm elections usually see lower voter turnout and often serve as a referendum on the party in power rather than a realignment of party support. Special elections are held to fill vacancies or address specific issues and do not generally indicate a broader shift in party loyalty. Thus, the nature and consequences of critical elections set them apart as moments of significant political transformation.